Bayangkanlah!

Pendahuluan

Setelah capek mikirin urusan jarum jam, tiba-tiba terdengar suara pintu dibuka oleh seseorang, teman saya mungkin. Sambil mendekati saya lalu dia berkata ""Heh tangi-tangi, jaréné meh mulih?". Dengan berat pun saya membuka mata dan bertanya sambil melihat tangannya yang ada jam tangannya "Wis jampiro iki?", "Jam papat”, jawabnya.

Selang beberapa menit setelah berkemas dan keluar ruangan, saya terganggu oleh peristiwa tadi. Yakni, kok dia bisa mengatakan “jam papat” padahal hanya tadi sepintas saya lihat jamnya tidak tertulis angka-angka namun titik-titik melingkar saja. Ah, mungkin karena faktor kebiasaan dia saja. Seperti pelajaran di perkuliahan dimana bahasa juga masalah kebiasaan, termasuk berbahasa Inggris yang dianggap sulit, dari dulu maupun sekarang.

Jurus "Tertinggi"

Pendahuluan

Ketika sedang tiduran di lantai sebuah kontrakan tiba-tiba "Ngalamun opo to 'Lil?",  suatu teguran yang dulu sering diucapkan seorang terman. Seperti biasa saya jawab dengan enteng, namun saat itu saya jawab "kaé lagi mikir nopo kok jam mubenge ngono". Karuan saja teman tadi pasti menganggap saya sudif. Meski hanya guyonan tapi lama-lama jadi mikir betulan tentang mubenge jam.

Mula-mula, saya ingat dulu ada guru Fisika yang mengajarkan bahwa bumi itu berrotasi searah dengan arah jarum jam. Lalu saya pikir bagaimana posisi jamnya., rnenghadap ke atas atau ke bawah, ke depan atau ke belakang? Dan bila diperbandingkan dengan jam, apakah jam itu ada lebih dahulu dari pada bumi? Tragisnya, mengapa juga arah (rotasi) jarum jam tersebut berputar seperti itu?

Tentang Bacaan Niat Sholat

Pendahuluan

Ketika sholat di musholla, kadang tanpa sengaja saya melihat cara orang lain memulai sholat, dari berdiri sampai salarnnya. Yang menarik saat akan memulai sholat (“berniat”). Ada yang biasa, ada yang tampak konsentrasi dan lama, ada yang cepat dan seperti di batin saja, dan ada pula yang sampai memejamkan mata. Meski awalnya dianggap hal biasa., tapi lama-lama jadi tertarik untuk menganalisis cara niat dan bacaan sholat secara urnum.

Mula-mula ingat, dulu diajarkan oleh orang tua tentang tata cara sholat, semua bacaannya memang dilafalkan, tak terkecuali niatnya.

Lesson (18): About That

I
do want that that sentence, that you are reading now, not to be imitated. Why the
hell? Because I have found out that that sentence is such a wrong sentence that
thou can’t writ one like that. That is to say that that sentence gotta some mistakes
so that thou are to correct them, especially that of using that’s. One of them
is  that that that that that that clause
uses in it. Of that sentence, it is suggested that that that be changed by
wh-word, that is, which. This text, however, is so confusing to think of that
only through thy thinking of it frequently can thou get it in order that thou
are satisfied. That’s that. I think that’s all for thee. Thanks for thine
attention.

Lesson (17): Penggunaan Preposisi At – In – On

At         +          arti : “pada”, tapi bisa juga digunakan
sebelum :

                        Jam-jam

                        Nomor
rumah pada jalan tertentu

In         +          arti : “di; di dalam”, tapi bisa juga
digunakan sebelum :

                        Bagian
hari, bulan, musim, tahun

                        Nama
kota atau negara

On       +          arti : “diatas; pada”, tapi bisa juga
digunakan sebelum :

                        Nama
hari atau tanggal

                        Nama
jalan

Son of daughter’s John is daughter of John’s son 

Lesson (16): Combination with Preposition (b)

This
Combination with preposition has a new idiomatic meaning

In
this combination we cannot guess the meaning, but there are two kinds :

1.    Non-separable
preposition

      Prep. : for, of, on, at, to, into, from, under, round, etc.

2.    Separable
preposition ; in this case prep. can be called a particle (adv).

      Prep. : down, away, out, back, over, on, up, in, backward
(s), downward (s), forward (s), etc.

      Also, phrasal verb can be added by a preposition. e.g. get out
of, get through with, look forward to.

Example
:

a.    call
on                : ask to speak in class;
visit            catch up (with)   : reach the same position or level

check in             : register at a hotel                          check into          : investigate

check out/ of     : leave 
a hotel                                 come
across      : meet by chance

drop by/in (on)   : visit informally                               drop out (of)       : stop going to school, class, etc

get along (with)  : exist satisfactorily                         get in/into           :
enter a car, arrive

get off                : leave an plane, a bus, a
train, etc get on                 : enter a plane, a bus, a train, etc

get out of           : leave a car, avoid activity             get over              : recover from an illness

get through        : finish                                              get
up                 : arise from bed, a
chair

go over              : review or check carefully             grow up (in)        : become an adult

keep up (with)    : stay at the same position or level look after            :
take care of

look into             : get information in, investigate       : look out (for)    : be careful

pas away           : die                                                 put
up with         : tolerate

run into/across   : meet by chance                            run out (of)         : finish a supply of sth

show up             : appear, come                                take after           : resemble

Also : all of A 1 & etc.

b.    ask
out               : ask sb to go on a date
                  bring about/on    : cause

bring up              : rear children ; introduce a topic    call back            :
return a telephone call

call in                 : ask to come a specific place        call of                 :
cancel

call up                : call on the telephone                     check out           : take book from library ;investigate

cheer up            : make (sb) feel happier                  clean up             : make clean and orderly

cross out            : draw a line through                       cut out                : stop an annoying activity

do over              : do again                                        drop off              : leave sb/sth at a place

figure out           : find the answer by reasoning        fill out                 :
complete; write completely

find out               : discover information                     get back (from)  : return from a place; receive again

give back           : return                                             give out              : distribute

give up               : stop trying                                     hand in               : submit

hand up              : conclude a telephone
conversation; put clothes on a hanger or a hook.

have on              : wear                                              hand out             : distribute

keep out (of)      : not enter                                        kick out (of)       : force sb to leave

leave out            : omit                                               look over            : examine

look up               : look for information in a book       make up             :
invent; do past work

name after/for   : give a baby the name of sb else   pass out             :
distribute; lose consciousness

pick out              : select                                             pick up               : go to get sb; take in one’s
hand

point out             : call attention to                              put away            : remove to a proper lace

put back             : return to original place                  put off                : postpone

put on                 : put clothes on one’s body             put out                : extinguish

put up                 : build, manage                               shut off               : stop a machine, light

switch over        : move channel                               take off              : remove clothing; leave on a trip

take out              : take sb on a dat                            take over            : take control

take up               : begin a new activity or topic         talk over             : discuss

tear down           : demolish; reduce to nothing          tear up                : tear into many little pieces

think over           : consider carefully                         throw away/ out : discard/ get rid of

throw up             : vomit; regurgitate food                  try on                  : put on clothes to see if it proper

turn down           : decrease volume or intensity        turn in                 :
submit assignment; go to bed

turn off               : stop a machine, light, faucet         turn on                :
begin a machine’ light, faucet

turn out              : extinguish a light                           turn up                : increase volume or intensity

wake up             : make sb aware from sleep           write down         : make a note of

…….etc.

Lesson (15): Combination with Preposition (a)

This
Combination with preposition keeping the verb’s basic meaning

1)    Verb

1.    ABOUT
         : take care, consult (/on),
dream (/of), hear (/of), talk (/to), think (/of)

                               complain
(sb/ of).

2.    AGAINST
     : Defend (/from), fight, lean (/on),
warn (/of).

Worry (ied)

3.    AFTER           : look (/at/ for)

4.    AT                  : amuse (d) (/by), arrive
(/in), astonish (ed) (/by), exclaim, glance, guess, knock, laugh,
look, point (/to), shout (/to), shock (ed) (/by), smile,
stare, surprise (d) (/by), wonder (/about), work (/on).

5.    FOR               : account, ask (/of), act (/on),
apologize, blame, beg, call, care, charge, exchange, excuse (/from),
hope, leave, look, mistake, mourn, pay, prepare, provide, pay (sb), search
(sth), thank, vote (/on), wait (/on).

Apply (…job at spl), apologize (to
sb….sth).

6.    FROM            : borrow, demand (/of),
derive, differ, dismiss, draw, emerge, escape, expect (/of), hinder,
prevent, prohibit, protect (/against), receive, separate, suffer.

7.    IN                   : believe, delight, disappoint
(ed)(/in), employ (ed), encourage, engage (d), experience (d), fail,
help (/in), include, indulge, instruct, interest (ed), invest, involve
(d), perform(/on), persist, share,

8.    OF                  : accuse, approve, assure,
beware, boast (/about), cure, despair, die, be/get remind, rid, (be)
suspected, smell, take care, tire (d),

9.    INTO
             : crash, drive, bump, run,

10.  ON                 : act, base (d), call, comment,
concentrate, congratulate, count, decide, depend, economize, embark,
experiment, insist, live, operate, pride (one self), rely, vote (on a
motion; for sb), write (/about).

11.  TO                  : accustom (ed), amount,
appeal, apply (/for), attach (ed), attend, belong, challenge, compare (/with),
condemn (ed), confess, confine, consent, convert, entitle (d), go, listen,
mention, oject, occur, pay (attention), prefer, react (/against), reply,
respond, see (prepare), submit, surrender, turn, yield,

12.  WITH             : agree, begin, bore (d), collide,
communicate, compete (/against), comply, confuse, contrast (/to),
cope, correspond, disgust (ed), fed up, fall in love, finish, help (/in),
mix, occupy (ied), part, please (d), quarrel (/about), reason, satisfy
(ied) (/by), threaten (ed),

13.  -                      : (be) aged, enter, join,
marry, meet, reach, serve, etc.

2)    Adjective

1.    ABOUT
         : angry (sth/10), annoyed (sth/10),
curious, doubtful (/of), excited, furious (sth/10), happy,
enthusiastic, reluctant, (/to), right (/in), uneasy, unhappy,
upset, worried,

2.    AT                  : angry (sth/10), bad,
brilliant, clever, efficient, expert (/in), excellent, good, hopeless,
indignant, quick, sad (/about), slow, skillful (/in).

3.    BY
or AT        : amazed, astonished,
impressed (/with), shocked, surprised,

4.    FOR               : eager, enough, famous, fit,
grateful (/to), qualified (/in), ready (/to), responsible,
sorry, sufficient, thankful (/to), valid.

5.    FROM            : away, different (/to),
famous, far, safe.

6.    IN                   : deficient, fortunate,
honest, interested, rich, weak.

7.    OF                  : afraid, ahead, ashamed,
aware, capable, careful (/with), certain, conscious, envious, fond,
frightened, full, guilty, ignorant, incapable, independent, in favor, jealous,
kind (to), north/south/east/west, proud, scared, short, shy, sure,
suspicious, terrified, tired, worthy.

8.    ON                 : dependent, intent, keen.

9.    TO                  : accustomed, engaged, married,
similar,

10. WITH             : angry (sb/1/2), annoyed,
bored, busy (/at), consistent, content, crowded, delighted, familiar (/to),
furious, identical, (in) love, patient, popular, pleased, satisfied,
disappointed.

Lesson (14): Finite Verb

Finite
form of verb / finite verb: verb from agreeing with its subject in person and
number. Every simple sentence and the (main) clause in every complex sentence
each contains a finite verb. It comes right after the subject and, of course,
never with to. Finite from of verb must be in :

-      Present tense,
that is simple from verb (or + s/es for third singular person), in order to
show action/condition general in the present.

-   Past tense,
that is simple form verb + d/ed or its special from if any, in order to show
action/condition in the past.

It
is also used to show unreal action/condition in the present.

But
there are some particular forms of these verbs i.e.:

The present                                         The
past

1.     Verb
be                 I ® am                                                I/(s)he/Jack/it/to
go/going ® was

(s)he/Jack/it/to
go/going ® is             they/you ® were

They/you
® are

2.     Verb
have             (s)he/Jack/it/to
go/going ® has

3.     Modal
verb           ‘subject’ ® will

4.     Verb
of clause as object of  verbs such as insist,
suggest etc. can occur in infinitive without to.

Exercise
: Underline the finite verb of theses sentences, or translate them which are
still in Indonesia first.

1.     Hadi
is not a technician                                        6.   Saya senang

2.     We
use pincers to pull nails                                 7.   Kita harus rajin.

3.     This
radio doesn’t need repairing                         8.   Arman kelihatan lelah

4.     You
may not let your bicycle be dirty                    9.   Ibu berharap kamu tidak pergi

5.     To
be able to repair machine is what I want        10.  murid-murid suka diajar olehnya 

Lesson (13): Verb as Adjective

List of verb that can be as adjective:

Amazed/-ing
                     (kagum, mengagumkan)

Amused/-ing
                     (terhibur, lucu)

Annoyed/-ing
                    (jengkel,
menjengkelkan)            

Astoniched/-ing
                (heran, mengherankan)

Bored/-ing
                        (bosan,
membosankan)   

Charmed/-ing
                   (bahagia,
mempesaonakan)

Confused/-ing
                  (bingung, membingungkan)
        

Convinced/-ing
                 (yakin, meyakinkan)

Deceived/-ing
                   (tertipe, memperdayakan)
          

Depressed/-ing
                 (sedih, memuramkan)

Disgusted/-ing
                  (jijik, menjijikkan)

Discouraged/-ing
              (kecil hati, mengecilkan
hati)

Disappointed/-ing
             (kecewa, mengecewakan)          

Displaced/-ing
                  (terlantar,
menelantarkan)

Embarrassed/-ing
            (malu, memalukan)         

Entertained/-ing
                (terhibur, memikat
perhatian)

Excited/-ing
                      (bergairah,
mengasyikkan)          

Exhausted/-ing
                 (letih, meletihkan)

Fascinated/-ing
                (kagum, sangat menarik)            

Frightened/-ing
                 (takut, menakutkan)

Frustrated/-ing
                  (bingung kecewa,
mengecewakan)        

Horrified/-ying
                  (takut, mengejutkan)

Inspired/-ing
                     (bersemangat,
menyemangatkan)          

Interested/-ing
                  (tertarik, menarik)

Pleased-ing
                      (senang,
menyenangkan)            

Satisfied/-ying
                  (puas, memuaskan)

Shocked/-ing
                    (terkejut,
mengejutkan)    

Surprised/-ing                   (kaget, mengherankan)

Terrified/-ying
                   (merasa ngeri,
mengerikan)        

Tired/-ing
                          (lelah,
melelahkan)

Worried/-ying
                   (cemas, mencemaskan)

Lesson (12): Object after Verb

Object after Verb

1.    …..V  + Object + Object

a.    … O(p)
+ O(th)

b.    …
O(th) + to + O(p)

c.    …
O(th) + for + O(p)

*
bisa bila V-nya :

1.     ask,
cost, charge, get(3), give(2), lend(2), pass(2),
save, sell(2), show(2), take(2), teach(2), tell(2),
wish, write(2), etc.

2.     announce,
bring(1), describe, explain, get(1), give(1), introduce,
lend(1), mention, pass(1), prove, repeat, say, send(1),
speak, suggest, take(1), tell(1), read(1), report, write(1),
show(1), teach(1), etc.

3.     answer,
buy(1), cash, change, close, do(1), find(1), make(1),
open, prescribe, pronounce, etc.

2.    …..V  + O + Complement (N) / Adj.)

a.     Noun

Bisa
bila V-nya : appoint, call, choose, designate, elect, make, name, nominate,
select.

b.     Afjective
/ past participle

Bisa
bila V-nya : consider (& sejenisnya), crack, cut, find, froze, paint, push,
want, wash, wipe, wish.

Lesson (11): Verb Form of Clause

Verb Form of Clause

1.   …..V
 +  (that) 
+  S  + 
V  {clause biasa}

Bila V nya : agree, answer, assume, believe,
conclude, decide, discover, doubt, dream, feel, forget, guess, hear, hope,
imagine, know, learn, notice, realize, regret, remember, say, suppose, think,
understand, etc.

{..V
+ personal Obj.} assure, convince, inform, notify, remind, tell.

{..V
+ (personal Obj.)} promise, show, teach, warn, write.

{..V
+ (to + personal Obj.)} admit, announce, explain, mention, point out, prove,
read, repeat, reply, report, say, suggest.

2.   …..V  + 
(that)  +  S 
+  Inv  (British also : should + inv, or pt)

Bila
V nya : ask, argue, demand, desire, insist, move, prefer, propose, suggest,
recommend, request, require, urge, “their noun”, would rather, & it’s
essential/ imperative/ important/ necessary.

3.   …..V
+ (thath) + S + Past tense {bisa menggunakan past perfect bila wish-nya past}

Bila
V nya : wish, would rather.

Lesson (10): Verb Form after verb

Verb
From after verb

1.    ….V       +      -ing                                              5.
….V      
+      O       +    
to inv

….V        +     
adj.pr(n)      +       -ing                 6.
….V      +      O      
+     inv

2.    ….V       +     
to inv                                           7.
….V      +      O      
+     to inv

3.    ….V       +     
inv                                                   ….V     
+      O       +    
Wh       +       to inv

4.    ….V       +     
O       +      -ing

Hal
ini bisa terjadi bila V –nya :

1.    admit,
advise (5), allow (5), anticipate, appreciate, avoid, begin (2),
can’t bear (2), can’t stand, can’t help, cease (2), consider,
continue (2), defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, dread, encourage (5),
enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, hate, imagine, intend (2),
involve, it needs/requires/wants (2), keep (=continue), like (2),
loathe, love (2), mind, miss, need (2), pardon, permit (5),
practice, prefer (2), postpone, prevent, propose (=suggest),
recollect, recommend (5), remember (2), regret, resent, resist,
risk, start (2), save, stop (2), suggest (2), stop, try (2),
understand.

2.    afford,
agree, aim, appear (+con/perf inv), arrange, ask (5/7), attempt,
begin (1), bother, can’t bear (1), care, cease (1),
choose, claim, condescend, consent, continue (1), dare (3), decide,
demand, determine, endeavor, expect (1), fail, forget, guarantee, happen,
help (3/5/6), hesitate, hope (5), intend (1), it
needs/requires/wants (1=passive), learn (7), like (1),
love (1), manage, mean (5=intend), need (1), neglect,
offer, plan, prefer (1), prepare, pretend (+con/perf inv),
proceed, promise, propose (=intend), prove, refuse, resolve, remember (1),
seem (+con/perf inv), start (1), stop (1), swear, tend,
threaten, trouble, undertake, volunteer, vow, try (1), warn, would
hate/love/prefer (5), etc.

also
:
be (=must/usage), have (=must), it’s time (for sb)….(or pt),
it’s/have adj, make (in passive form), used (=past habit),
(would) prefer….rather than + inv.

3.    dare
(2), daren’t, help (2/5/6),

also
:
had better, would rather…than…., & modal av, aux., negative aux.

4.    catch,
feel (6), find, hark at, hear (6), imagine, listen to (6),
look at, notice (6), observe (4), see (6), smell (6),
watch (6).

Also
:
get/set/start.

5.    advise
(1), allow (1), ask (7), beg, bride, can’t bear (1/2),
cause, challenge, choose, command, compel, dare, decide, enable, encourage (1),
entitle, expect (2), forbid, force, get (=cause), hate (2),
help (2/3/6), hope (2), implore, induce, instruct, intend,
invite, lead (=cause), like (1/2), love, mean (2=intend),
oblige, order, permit (1), persuade, prefer, prepare, press (=urge),
promise (2), recommend (1), remind, request, teach (sm how/7),
tell, tempt, trouble, urge, want (2), warn, wish (2), would
like/prefer (2), etc.

6.    feel
(4), have (=causa), hear (4), help (2/3/5), let,
listen to (4), make, notice (4), observe (4), perceive,
see (4), watch (4)

ask (5), decide (2), expect, explain,
forget, learn (how/2), know, remember, show, teach (how/5), tell,
understand.